Movements

Changing the position or angle of the lens relative to the film or sensor, which affects the geometry and depth of field in the image.

Tilt is the angle of the lens up and down

Swing is the angle of the lens left and right

Shift is the position of the lens relative to the centre of the film or sensor – vertical shift is sometimes known as rise and fall and horizontal shift is sometimes called cross front

Movements can be provided by a special lens or a view camera.

Changing the angle of the lens relative to the film/sensor (tilt and swing) changes the depth of field within the image, so for example the photographer can arrange the depth of field to best suit the image.

Shifting the lens vertically or horizontally affects the geometry of the image, so for example it can be used to avoid converging verticals.

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